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As per the Human-Centered AI Institute at Stanford University, South Korea experienced a net outflow of AI professionals of -0.36 per 10,000 individuals in the previous year, indicating more AI experts departed than arrived. The nation placed 35th among 38 OECD members, close to the lowest position. Conversely, Luxembourg, leading the OECD rankings, attracted 8.9 AI professionals per 10,000 people, while Germany, ranked fourth, welcomed 2.13. These nations have reduced legal obstacles for foreign workers, supported by their robust industrial and research environments, thereby securing an edge in the global race for AI expertise.

Luxembourg maintains an open labor market, with 74% of all employees commuting from France, Belgium, and Germany. The entry barriers for foreign AI professionals are minimal. The nation has streamlined the ‘Blue Card’ procedure, enabling non-EU individuals to live and work for extended periods, while their families can also work without limitations. Additionally, there are tax incentives for high-earning foreigners. Those earning more than 75,000 euros (about 123 million Korean won) per year are exempt from 50% of their income tax. This framework supports the influx of high-earning AI experts. Luxembourg’s primary industry, finance, seamlessly integrates with AI, offering a distinct benefit. McKinsey noted, “There will be substantial AI investment opportunities within Luxembourg’s financial services sector.”

IT professionals can work and live in Germany if they have a minimum of two years of experience, even without holding a university degree. The country is recognized for having a clear pathway from research to employment and immigration, thanks to top-tier public and university research institutions such as the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) and the Fraunhofer AI Institute. Germany is especially emphasizing industrial AI that aligns with its robust manufacturing industry and aims to contribute 10% of its GDP through AI by 2030.